1. [Provenance: Daniel Conner of Manch House-Library (Dunmanway, County Cork)] – Patrick, Symon [Simon Patrick, Late Lord Bishop of Ely] / Whitby, Daniel / Lowth, William / Arnald, Richard / Johannes Millii.

“A Commentary upon the Historical Books of the Old Testament, Viz. Genesis – Exodus – Leviticus – Numbers – Deuteronomy – Joshua – Judges – Ruth – I. Samuel – II. Samuel – I. Kings – II. Kings – I. Chronicles – II. Chronicles – Ezra – Nehemiah – Esther. In Two Volumes. By the Right Reverend Father in God, Dr. Symon Patrick, Late Lord Bishop of Ely. The Sixth Edition Corrected. To wich is added a compleat Alphabetical Table.” / Plus: [Volume III: “The Books of Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon, Paraphrased: With Arguments to each Chapter, and Annotations thereupon”. / Plus: [Volume IV: “A Commentary upon the Three Lesser Prophets: Being a Continuation of Bishop [Symon] Patrick by William Lowth, B.D. Prebendary of Winchester”]. / Plus: [[Volume V and Volume VI ]″A Paraphrase and Commentary on the New Testament. In Two Volumes. The First, containing The Four Gospels and the Acts of the Holy Apostles. The Second, All the Epistles, with a Discourse of the Millenium. To which are added, A Chronology of the New Testament, a Map and Alphabetical Table of all the Places mentioned in the Gospels, Acts, or the Epistles. With Tables of the Matters contained and of the Words and Phrases explained throughout the whole Work; and the Examen Millii. By Daniel Whitby, D.D. Late Chantor of the Church of Sarum. The Seventh Edition, carefully revised and corrected from the many Errors of the former Impressions”. Including: “An Appendix to Chapter XL, containing “A Discourse of the Calling of the Jews to the Christian Faith” – Including: “A Treatise of the True Millenium: shewing that it is not a Reign of Persons raised from the Dead but of the Church. Flourishing gloriously for a Thousand Years after the Conversion of the Jews, and the Flowing-in of all Nations to them thus converted to the Christian Faith” / Including: “An Index of the Greek Words and Phrases explained in this Commentary”, including “Examen Variantium Lectionum Johannis Millii in Novum Testamentum” (Editio quarta priori Emendatior. London, 1740). / Plus: [Volume VII] “A Critical Commentary upon the Book of the Wisdom of Solomon; Being a Continuation of Bishop [Symon] Patrick and Mr.[William] Lowth. By Richard Arnald, B.D. Rector of Thurcaston in Leicestershire”. / Including: [Volume VIII]: “A Critical Commentary upon the Book of the Wisdom of Jesus, the Son of Sirach. Being a Continuation of Bishop [Symon] Patrick and Mr.[William] Lowth”./ Including: [Volume IX]: “A Critical Commentary upon the Books of Tobit, Judith, Baruch, The History of Susanna, and Bel and the Dragon: To which are added, two Dissertations on The Book of Maccabees and Esdras. Being a Continuation of Bishop [Symon] Patrick and Mr.[William] Lowth”. By Richard Arnald.//

Set of Nine Volumes (bound in Seven). London, Printed for A. Millar, J.Beecroft, W.Strahan, J.Hinton etc. / And for the Richard Arnald publication: “Printed for the Author” by W.Bowyer, 1744-1765. Folio (24,5 cm x 36 cm). Volume I: Portrait-Frontispiece of Symonis Patrick by Godfrey Kneller & Gerard Vandergucht, [2], 908 pages / Volume II: [2], 755 pages plus 28 unnumbered pages of an Alphabetical Index / Volume III: [6], 544 pages / [Volume IV]: [2], IV, 540 pages including an Index. / [Volume V (Being Volume I of Daniel Whitby’s “Paraphrase”: [2], L, 736, [5], pages / [Volume VI (Being Volume II of Daniel Whitby’s “Paraphrase”: [4], XXXIV, 854 pages / [Volume VII (Being the “Critical Commentary of the Book of The Wisdom of Solomon” by Richard Arnald): [1], XXXII, 148 pages / [Volume VIII: (Being the “Critical Commentary upon the Book of the Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach”): IX, [7], IV, 248 pages / [Volume IX: (Being “A Critical Commentary upon the Books of Tobit Judith etc.”)XII, 128 pages.// Recently rebound set in Hardcover (Modern cloth and one modern half leather). All Volumes in protective Collector’s Mylar and with new endpapers and new spine-labels. Excellent condition with some minor signs of wear only. The Interior in very good, rather excellent condition with only some very few sections with some browning. The paper-quality of this set is magnificent ! From the library of Daniel Conner (Connerville / Manch House), with his name and date of his studies in Oxford on all titlepages. A very rare set of the important Commentary by Symon Patrick, Bishop of Ely. With all the original illustrations by Gerard Vandergucht. The set includes the continuations of Simon Patrick’s works by William Lowth, Daniel Whitby and Richard Arnald. Please see the numerous, detailed photographs for this set on our website. The price includes worldwide free shipping per Courier (UPS Express Saver).

2. Aarts, Johannes Josephus (1871 – 1934).

“Bedelaar” [″Bettler” / “Beggar”].

Rare, antique, vintage, original Lithograph by the dutch artist Johannes Josephus Aarts, showing the scene of an invalid beggar entering a Hamlet of farmers and asking for alms. Striking and beautiful scene in the typical earthy, nature-embedded, strong depiction by Aarts; full of character and gripping through the magnified presence of Aarts subjects, which are “in your face”. Signed in pencil by Johannes Josephus Aarts. [Fine Art-Paper watermarked “TRCHES”]. [Amsterdam], Roeloffzen, Hübner und van Santen, 1903. Size of the framed Picture: 63 cm wide x 53 cm high. Size of the Sheet : 49 cm wide x 41 cm high (the image itself: 22 cm x 30 cm). Excellent condition, beautifully framed. The price for this signed and rare lithograph includes free international courier shipping per UPS Express.

3. [Cellarius, Christoph] Christophori Cellarii Smalcaldensis / Patrick, Samuel.

[Geographia Antiqua] Christophori Cellarii Smalcaldensis Geographia Antiqua – Recognita denuo & ad veterum novorumque scriptorum fidem, historicorum maxime, identidem castigata & Quinta Editione plurimis locis aucta & immutata. Huic demum sextæ Editioni Tot Chartas ex majori auctoris Geographia antiqua quot ad minorem hanc illustrandam requirebantur, Duplicemque Indicem, Quorum Priori vetera locorum nomina novis præponuntur, Posteriori nova veteribus, Addidit, totam recensuit, & Scholarum usui accommodavit, Samuel Patrick.

[Sixth Edition and the first illustrated version]. London, Sumptibus S. Ballard, J. Senex, G. Innys, J.Osborn & T. Longman, 1731. Octavo. VIII, 180 pages with 26 maps and one scientific illustration of a Globe [sphere]: Globi, Charta Geographicae et Sphaerae a Joannes Senex (Fol.2). Original Hardcover / 18th century full leather with the original spine-label. The Volume in protective Mylar. The binding starting at the spine but still firm and entirely in its original condition. Very good overall condition with only minor signs of wear. From the library of Daniel Conner (Connerville / Manch House), with his Exlibris / Bookplate to pastedown. With a manuscript – entry to the rear endpaper: “Dan [meaning Daniel Conner] began Astronomy April 19th 1812”.

4. [Grierson, George and John]

[Sabbath – Servants – Burning Land – Impounding – Cattle Trespassing – Replevin] Sammelband / Collection of six Acts: 1. An Act for The better Observation of the Lord’s Day, commonly called Sunday [Sabbath]. Dublin, 1803. 22 pages / 2. An Act relating to Servants and Apprentices, Artificers and Day-Labourers. Dublin, 1831. 55 pages / 3. An Act to Repeal the several Laws for Recovery of small Sums due for Wages, in Ireland; and to make other Provisions for Recovery of such Wages. Dublin, 1830. 96 pages / 4. An Act to amend the 10° Charles I. for Impounding of Distresses in Ireland. Dublin, 1829. 22 pages / 5. An Act for preventing the Vexatious Impounding of Cattle for Trespass or Damage Feasant [Pheasant]. Dublin, 1829. 25 pages. / 6. An Act to provide for the Relief of Persons aggrieved by unlawful or excessive Distresses in Ireland. [An Act to show cause why Replevin should not be made] Dublin, 1830. 28 pages.

Dublin, G. and J. Grierson & His Majesty’s Printers, 1803-1831. Duodecimo. 22, 55, 96, 22, 25, 28 pages. Hardcover / Original, very decorative full 19th century calf with gilt lettering on original, red spinelabel. Binding and interior in unusually excellent condition. Only a very small lesion (fraying) to the outer margins of three pages.

5. Gardiner, Richard / [Richard Gardiner of Hereford].

[Specimen Oratorium] Richardi Gardiner Herefordensis, Aedis Christi Oxon. haud ita Canonici, Sub-Decani, Specimen Oratorium. Recusum & Declamationibus quorundam tunc temporis ibidem Art. Bac. Necnon Additamentis Studentium Heterogeniis adornatum.

[Second Edition]. Oxoniae [Oxford], Excudebat H.Hall Academiae Typographus, Impensis Richardi Davis, 1657. Duodecimo (9 cm x 15 cm). [4], 174 pages with three further titlepages after page33 (″Aede Christi”), after page 135 (″Epistolae Nonnullae”), after page 151 (″Alumnorum Versiculi”) and after page 161 (″Lector Candide Coronidis”). Hardcover / Modern half-leather with gilt lettering and spinelable. Bound to style of the 17th century by an english masterbindery, which made sure to preserve the original endpapers and pastedowns. An excellent restoration with preserved patina of this scarce work. The titlepage with a professional repair. Although no sign of it, this book came from the library of Daniel Conner (Manch House). Name of another former owner to pastedown: “Thomas Davis – his book , October 21, 1790”. Extremely rare !

6. Edwards, Jonathan.

A careful and strict Enquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notions of that Freedom of Will, which is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency, Virtue and Vice, Reward and Punishment, Praise and Blame.

First British Edition. Boston / London, Re-Printed for Thomas Field, 1762. Octavo. IX, [5], 414, [8] pages plus two pages of advertising for Jonathan Edwards’ “Treatise concerning Religious Effections”. Hardcover / Original 18th century calf, rebacked with new spine and spinelabel. Interior all original and besides some minor signs of foxing in very good condition. Name of preowner in ink on titlepage. Binding overall excellent with only minor signs of external wear. A very rare and important book.

7. Tokiwa, Gishin.

A Dialogue on the Contemplation-Extinguished. A translation based on Professor Seozan Yanagida’s modern Japanese translation and consultations with Professor Yoshitaka Iriya.

No place, The Institute for Zen Studies, 1973. 8°. 39 pages english text plus c. 95 pages of text / images in chinese. Original Hardcover with original dustjacket in protective Mylar. Excellent condition with only minor signs of external wear. From the library of philosopher Graham Parkes.

8. Heraldic Illustration of the 18th century – Guillim, John / [ Edward Le Davis ] / [ Michael van der Gucht].

A Display of Heraldry. By John Guillim, pursuivant at Arms. The Sixth Edition [on fine paper]. Improv’d with large Additions of many hundred Coats of Arms, under their respective Bearings, with good Authorities from the Ashmolean Library, Sir George Mackenzie, &c. With his Tract of Precedency, containing all his Rules, Observations, Arguments, and chief Instances. To which is added, “A Treatise of Honour Military and Civil”, According to the Laws and Customs of England, By Capt. John Logan. Illustrated With the Arms, Crests, Supporters, and Motto’s of the Royal Familly, and Nobility: The Arms of the Sees of the English Bishops, and several of the Gentry. Together With the proper Habits of the different Degrees of the Nobility of England, and the Emblems of the chief Orders of Knighthood in Europe; all fairly engraven on Copper Plates. Also An Exact List of the Baronets, from their first Creation to this present Time; and most of their Arms Blazon’d. With an Account of the Customs, Government, and Privileges of the City of London, the other Cities of England, and Shire-Towns of each County, and their Arms. Likewise A Supplement of Scarce tracts relating to the Office of Arms, taken from Authentick Copies. And A Dictionary, explaining the several Terms used by Heralds, in English, Latin and French. With proper Tables to the Whole. [With 17 full-page, original portraits, engraved by Edward Le Davis and flemish engraver Michael van der Gucht / With 295 engraved crests / coat of arms, displayed on 47 pages].

London, R. and J. Bonwicke and R. Wilkin in St.Paul’s Church-Yard / And J. Walthoe and Tho. Ward, in the Temple, 1724. Folio (26 cm x 39 cm). Frontispiece, [5], 20 pp. [″The Introduction”], [1], 460 pp. [″A Display of Heraldry”], [2], 275 pp. [″Observations upon the Laws and Customs of Nations”], 58 pp. [″Honour Civil of the City of London”], 24 pp. [″Dictionary used by Heralds”], [11] pp. [″Alphabetical Table of the Names of the Nobility and Gentry”]. Illustrated and complete with 17 portraits of courtyard and apparatus and 47 plates, engraved on wood, reproducing a total of hundreds of coats of arms with coats, crests, lambrequins, helmets and coins. Very many coats of arms in the 2-columned text. Hardcover / Original 18th-century binding with modern restauration (rebacked) to the highest standards. Superior example of this publication ! Unusually excellent condition with only very minor signs of external wear. Frontispiece and last page of the work with minor crease. Two corners torn (two pages following the title), corner of page 185 torn and page 92 of the second part of the book with longer lesion within text (no loss of text). Endpapers and pastedown with some minor spotting. All these descriptions of faults sound worse than they are. Interior text, plates and portraits overall in unbelievably clean and excellent condition. Name of pre-owner in ink on title and verso frontispiece (″J.Stilwell”).

9. Lathbury, Rev. Thomas.

A History of the English Episcopacy; From the Period of the Long Parliament to the Act of Uniformity; With Notices of the Religious Parties of the Time, And a Review of Ecclesiastical Affairs in England from the Reformation.

London, John W. Parker, 1836. Large Octavo. XV, [1], 363, 4 pages. Hardcover / Original full cloth with gilt lettering on spine. Spine worn and binding slightly stained but overall firm. Interior in excellent condition. Overall in very good condition with only minor signs of external wear.

10. Tomline, George.

A Refutation of Calvinism – in which, The Doctrines of Original Sin, Grace, Regeneration, Justification and Universal Redemption are explained and the peculiar Tenets maintained by Calvin upon these points are proved to be contrary to Scripture, to the writings of the Antient [sic] Fathers of the Christian Church and to the public formularies of the Church of England. [Bound with a rare Cork-Print of “Remarks on the late publication of Dr.G.Tomline, Lord Bishop of Lincoln, entitled a Refutation of Calvinism, extracted and abridged from the Eclectic Review, for August 1811].

[Third Edition of the main title / First edition of the Cork-print]. London, T.Cadell & W.Davies, 1811. Octavo. Main title: IX, (1), 590 pages / Additional title: (1), 23 pages (Printed in Cork, 1811 and sold by Edwards & Savage and J. & R. McMullin in Castle-Street).. Hardcover / Original, early 19th-century half leather with paper-covered boards. In protective Mylar. Paper on boards slightlys damaged. Binding otherwise firm and in very good condition with only minor signs of external wear. One page of the additionally bound title slightly loosened. Bookplate of Richard Meade, Ballymartle, on pastedown. Rare and especially interesting version of this book with the Remarks on the Refutation bound in the rear.

11. Huebsch, Bill.

A Spirituality of Wholeness: The New Look at Grace.

Mystic, Twenty-Third Publications, 1992. 14 cm x 21 cm. 151 pages. Original softcover. Excellent condition with only very minor signs of external wear.

12. Randolph, Thomas [President of Corpus Christi College Oxford].

A Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity – From the exceptions of a late Pamphlet entituled “An Essay on Spirit” &c. [By a Divine of the Church of England] / In Three Parts, with an Appendix [″An Appendix to the Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity &c Containing some Remarks on the Dedication prefix’d to the “Essay on Spirit”].

First Edition. Oxford, Printed at the Theatre for James Fletcher in the Turl, 1754. Octavo. 101, (2), 104, 134 pages plus Appendix: 70 pages plus (10 unnumbered pages, including one page of advertising). Hardcover / Original 18th-century calf with gilt ornament and original spine-label. In protective collector’s Mylar. Besides some abrasions and minor damages to the boards in very good condition with only minor signs of external wear. Bookplate of Daniel Conner to pastedown. Extremely rare !

13. [Saint Godelieve / Godeleva / Godeliève / Godelina / Sint-Godelieve] Sollerius, Joannes Baptista.

Acta S. Godelevae V. et M. patronae Ghistellensium.

Antwerp, apud Jacobum du Moulin [Jacob du Moulin], 1720. (15 cm x 18,5 cm). Collated: [24], 354, [15] pages including a thorough Index Rerum. With engraved title-vignette showing the murder of Saint Godelieve; with the title-vignette repeated on page one of the text and three further fold-out-illustrations (collation complete). Modern Hardcover (dark calf over marbled-paper-covered-boards) and new endpapers. Halftitle letter-press-text laid down an endpaper that precedes the title page. After the restoration and new binding the original bookblock is beautifully preserved and the whole volume in excellent condition with only minor signs of external wear and some browning to a few pages. Very rare Hagiography of poor Godelieve, who was martyred by the servants of her angry husband because she preferred to become a nun rather than marry.

14. Breckensiek, Marne.

Adam’s Apple and Other Stories. As told by tennagers.

Missouri, Liguorian Books, 1970. 10.5 cm x 17.5 cm. 86 pages. Black and white pencil drawings throughout. Original illustrated softcover. Very good condition with only minor signs of external wear. Internal pages clean and bright.

15. [Curtayne, Alice] / McKevitt, P. / Lucey, C. / Conway, J. Jacobus / Christus Rex Society of Irish Diocesan Priests / Rísteard Ó Cíonga [Richard King as Illustrator] / etc.

Alice Curtayne as Contributor to Irish Periodicals / Journals / Digests. The collection aims for completion and collects not only issues of periodicals with contributions by Alice Curtayne but hopes to complete each set of periodicals to which Alice Curtayne contributed between the years of 1930 and 1980, in order to allow for cross-referencing of contributors, study cooperation between illustrators and Alice Curtayne, her influence and acceptance as early female contributor in a men’s world, possibly even deciphering pseudonyms under which Curtayne might have written or essays she might have contributed to but her name was omitted; in general: circumstances which have not been detected yet. The Collection is documented thoroughly in professional images and descriptions on our website and includes to date: I. Alice Curtayne as Contributor to “The Irish Digest”: 1. “The Irish Digest” from September 1940 – including the article: Alice Curtayne – “Lament of an Author” / II. Alice Curtayne as Contributor to “Christus Rex”: “Christus Rex” – An Irish Quarterly Journal of Sociology. A Collection of 24 issues of the important and underrated publication “Christus Rex” including: 1. Volume XX, No.4 of “Christus Rex”: Alice Curtayne – “The Council and Women” ]. / III. Alice Curtayne as Contributor to “The Furrow”: “The Furrow” – Monthly Journal published by the Leinster Leader, Naas and Edited by Rev. J.G.McGarry. A Collection of 56 issues of the Journal, including two issues with Curtayne – publications: 1. “Saint Patrick in his Confession” – (In: “The Furrow” from March 1951) and 2. “Marillac Manor” (in “The Furrow” from July 1959) and 3. “Ecumenism in Dublin” (In “The Furrow” from February 1966) / IV. Alice Curtayne as Contributor to “The Capuchin Annual”. Including: 1. Alice Curtayne – “For the Septcentenary of St.Anthony of Padua (1231 – 1931)” – [including a portrait photograph of Alice Curtayne] / 2. Alice Curtayne – “Five Irish Saints” (″The Living Patrick” / “Saint Colmcille – Irishman” / “Saint Brendan – The Navigator” / “Saint Ita” / “The Method of Saint Columbus” / (In: Capuchin Annual 1945-1946 – with Illustrations in color by Stained Glass Artist, Rísteard Ó Cíonga [Richard King].

Naas, Christus Rex Publications, 1949 – 1967. Octavo. 81 Issues with different amounts of pages and content. Overall c. 4800 pages. Original Softcover. Excellent condition with some minor signs of wear only. Some of the issues with annotations and some with a former library-stamp. Very rare run of these periodicals which invited contributions from other women writers like Ita Meehan.

16. Curtayne, Alice.

Alice Curtayne Collection: Alice Curtayne and “The Capuchin Annual”. A collection of essays, contributed by Alice Curtayne to one of Ireland’s most important Periodicals of the 20th century. The collection includes the early 1931 issue with the beautiful portrait of youthful Alice Curtayne. While the collection is still growing, unknown essays and contributions of her are surfacing [Please offer interesting material, letters, signed books etc.]. The Capuchin Annual – Collection of Alice Curtayne Material includes at the moment: 1. Alice Curtayne – “For the Septcentenary of St.Anthony of Padua (1231 – 1931) – A Study of St.Anthony the Preacher” [in: “The Capuchin Annual for the year 1931” / Including the early Curtayne-Portrait and three text-illustrations] / 2. Alice Curtayne – “Five Irish Saints”: “The Living Patrick” / “Saint Colmcille – Irishman” / “Saint Brendan – The Navigator” / “Saint Ita” / “The Method of Saint Columbus” – (In: Capuchin Annual 1945-1946 – with Illustrations in color by Stained Glass Artist, Rísteard Ó Cíonga [Richard King]).

Dublin, The Father Mathew Record Office, 1930 / 1945. Octavo (18 cm x 25 cm). Pagination for the Curtayne – contribution in Capuchin Annual 1931 [Second Year of Publication of the Annual]: 8 pages (pages 18 – 25) / Pagination for the Curtayne – contribution in Capuchin Annual 1945-1946 [Sixteenth Year of Publication of the Annual]: 9 pages (pages 269 – 277) plus Frontispiece and 4 further full-page-illustrations of Saints in color by the Risteárd Ó Cionga [Richard King]. Original illustrated Softcover. Good condition with some signs of wear (fraying to cover).

17. Dymond, Jonathan.

An Enquiry into the Accordancy of War with the Principles of Christianity and an Examination of the Philosophical Reasoning by which it is Defended: with Observations on some of the Causes of War, and on Some of its Effects. Contempt prior to examination, however comfortable to the mind which entertains it, or however natural to great parts, is extremely dangerous; and more apt than almost any other disposition, to produce erroneous judgments both of persons and opinions.

Third Edition. London, Longman, Hurst & Co., 1824. 19.5cm x 11.5cm. xii, 227 (3) pages. Original Hardcover (blue publisher’s boards with spinelabel). Spinlabel and boards a little rubbed. Overall very good condition with only minor signs of wear. Very scarce. One of few 19th century writings on pacifism.

18. [Selden, John] / Bacon, Nathaniel.

An Historical and Political Discourse of the Laws and Government of England – From the First Times to the End of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. [With a special chapter, prefixed to the second part of the publication: “A Vindication of the Antient Way of Parliaments in England”]. With a Vindication of the Antient Way of Parliaments in England. Collected from some Manuscript Notes of John Selden, Esq. The Fifth Edition: Corrected and Improved by a Gentleman of the Middle-Temple.

Two Parts in One Volume (complete). London, Printed for D.Browne and A.Millar, in the Strand, 1760. Large – Quarto (24,5 cm x 29,5 cm). Part One: XIX, (1), 203 pages / Part Two: XII, 178, (plus 8 unnumbered pages Index). Hardcover / Stunning, recent masterbinding with quarter – leather over buckram-covered-boards; original spine-label applied. Excellent condition with text being especially clean and in wonderful condition. Rare and important publication on british law and parliamentary history. From the library of Daniel Conner (Connerville / Manch House), with his Exlibris / Bookplate to pastedown.

19. Jessop, T.E.

An Introduction to Christian Doctrine.

London / Edinburgh / Paris / a.o. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1960. 14.8 cm x 22.5 cm VIII, 133 pages. Original Hardcover with dustjacket in protective collector’s Mylar. Very good condition with only minor signs of external wear. Minor staining to front and rear hardcover. Minor fraying and staining to dustjacket, with staining to front and rear pastedowns and endpapers. Minor foxing to edges and pages throughout. A previous owner’s name in ink pen on front endpaper. From the reference library of Hans Christian Andersen-Translator Erik Haugaard.

20. Crusaders of Mary.

An Outline of the Sodality of Our Lady.

Dublin, Irish Messenger Office, 1942. 12 cm x 18.5 cm. 71 Pages. Original Softcover. Very good condition with only very minor signs of external wear.